Mini Tesla Coil

                       "Mini Tesla Coil"

Hello friends, today we are going to make an mini version of the Tesla coil. 

A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit which is  designed by inventor Nikola Tesla in 1891. This coil is used to produce a high-voltage and low-current at high frequency alternating current electricity. Tesla experimented with lot's of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits.

Tesla used these circuits to conduct experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, X-ray generation, high frequency alternating current phenomena, electrotherapy, and the transmission of electrical energy without wires. Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in spark gap radio transmitters for wireless telegraph until the 1920s, and in medical equipment such as electrotherapy and violet ray devices and lot more. Their main use is for entertainment and educational displays, although small coils are still used as leak detectors for high vacuum systems.

 Requirements :-

1. Transistor 2N2222A or BC 547.

2. Insulated copper wire.

3. PVC pipe.

4. Switch.

5. 22K resistor. 

6. 9V battery.

7. Wires.

8. Small plastic ball.

9. Golden paper.

10. Soldering gun.

Now let's do it :-

1. Take about 15 cm long PVC pipe.

2. You can buy the copper coil or you can get it from a old transformers winding, or from old mixer's winding.

3. Start winding the coil across the PVC pipe.

4. Make about 250 + turns. This coil will act as secondary coil. Attach tape on one side. 

5. Now take normal wire and wind it across one end of the pipe. Make about 3 to 5 turns. This is our primary coil.

6. Now we can use transistor 2N2222 which is replaceable with BC547 transistor also.

7. Care must be taken about the pin configurations of the transistors. This is exactly opposite to each other as shown.

 

8. Now connect the circuit as shown in figure.

9. Use one end of the secondary coil and left other end open. 

10. Now enclose the assembly into a plastic box.

11. You can get the golden paper from cadbury pack. Attach the golden paper across the small plastic ball. 

12. Attach the open end of the secondary coil to this paper and attach this at the top of the pipe. 

13. Now turn On the switch. Take an old bulb or bulb tube. Just bring it close to the top end of the coil and bulb will glow.

Thank you guy's for reading...

Hope you will enjoy this project...

SMART GARDENING SYSTEM

        "SMART GARDENING SYSTEM" 

Problem Definition:-

The use of technology for the agricultural productivity is one of the underestimated issue. The proper utilization of water for agriculture is very important to improve the yield. The water supply management that is done manually has may short comes as well as it may cause wastage of water. So to design automatic water control system is the need. “Smart Gardening System” turns out to the innovative solution for this purpose. The system monitors the automatic control of water flow by sensing the moisture content of soil and helps in smart irrigation.

Purpose:-

In a country like India, where the economy is mainly based on agriculture and the climatic conditions are isotropic, still we are not able to make full use of agricultural resources. The main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. The continuous extraction of water from earth is reducing the water level due to which lot of land is coming slowly in the zones of un-irrigated land. Another very important reason of this is due to unplanned use of water due to which a significant amount of water goes to waste.

Objective:-

1. The objective is to sense the moisture from soil and maintain the moisture level in the soil so that it is very helpful in agriculture sector.

2. Efficient use of electricity.
3. When moisture in the soil is low then pump motor turns on and supplies the water to the soil without any need of human and process is automatic. So it reduces efforts of humans to the great extent.
4. To ensure proper irrigation of soil.

Requirement Specifications:-

In modern drip irrigation systems, the most significant advantage is that water is supplied near the root zone of the plants drip by drip due to which a large quantity of water is saved.

At the present era, the farmers have been using irrigation techniques in India through manual control in which farmers irrigate the land at the regular intervals. This process sometimes consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which crops get dried. Water deficiency can be detrimental to plants before visible wilting occurs. Slowed growth rate, lighter weight fruit follows slight water deficiency. This problem can be perfectly rectified if we use automatic watering drip irrigation system in which the irrigation will take place only when there will be acute requirement of water.

Component List:-

Components	Specifications	Quantity
Arduino	Arduino UNO	1
Sensor	Soil Moisture Sensor	1
Relay	Used as switch	1
AC Pump	12V Water Pump	1
LCD	16x2	1
Resistors	10K,270 ohm	2
Resistors	Pot (5K)	1
Transistor	BC547	1
Adapter	12 V	1
Connecting wires	Male to Male (10) Male to Female(10)	1 1

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Schematic:-

 

Flow chart:-

Code :-

Arduino :- 

Arduino is used for controlling whole the process of this Automatic Plant Watering System. The output of soil sensor circuit is directly connected to digital pin D7 of Arduino.

1. Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

The pins on Arduino are the places where we connect wires to construct a circuit (probably in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire). They usually have black plastic ‘headers’ that allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and used for different functions.

2. GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be used to ground your circuit.

 3. 5V (4) & 3.3V (5): The 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the Arduino run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.

 4. Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read.

 5. Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like powering an LED).

 6. PWM (8): we may noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).

   7. AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time we can leave this pin alone. It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

8.  Reset Button

The Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the Arduino. This can be very useful if code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple times.

9. TX RX LEDs

TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite a bit in electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In this case, there are two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear – once by digital pins 0 and 1, and a second time next to the TX and RX indicator

10. LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us some nice visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like when we’re loading a new program onto the board).

LCD:-

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.

•      In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

•      The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.

•      The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

Features：-

•      LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications.

•      A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits.

•      LCDs are economical, easily programmable, have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments).

•      These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs.

Soil Moisture Sensor:-

The Soil Moisture Sensor is used to measure the volumetric water content of soil.

This makes it ideal for performing experiments in courses such as soil

science, Agricultural science, environmental science, horticulture, botany, and

biology.

Use of Soil Moisture Sensor is:

•  Measure the loss of moisture over time due to evaporation and plant uptake.

•  Evaluate optimum soil moisture contents for various species of plants.

•  Monitor soil moisture content to control irrigation in greenhouses.

•  Enhance your Bottle Biology experiments.

Water pump:-

Here we have used a 230v operated Water pump which helps to serve the water to plants when necessary. The power ratings are 19watts and it can be placed up to 6feet height in water tank.

Relay :-

 

•      A relay is a special type of switch turned on and off by an electromagnet.

•   When a current flows through the coil an electromagnetic field is set up; for this reason relays are used where a safe low voltage circuit controls a high voltage circuit

•  The heart of relay is an electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows through it )

•  A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching

System Design:-

The proposed auto irrigation system design involved following steps:

Hardware Connections:-

1.     Power supply gives to the normally open terminal of relay and motor.

2.     Soil moisture output given to Arduino (pin D7).

3.     Output of pin D11 given to the transistor.

4.     Motor connected at the common terminal of relay.

Working Principal:  - 

The Auto irrigation by sensing soil moisture is essential in the agriculture sector.

The project consists of 4 major blocks: Arduino, relay circuit, LCD and Pump AC

motor which operates on a 230V supply.

Relay connection:-

Pin D11 connected to the transistor BC547 .Collector terminal connected to the A

(coil1) point of the relay and emitter terminal grounded. Motor is connected to

common/pole of the relay. Supply gives to the normally opened terminal of the relay

and motor

Observations:-

Results:-

Irrigation becomes easy, accurate and practical with the idea above shared and can be implemented in agricultural fields in future to promote agriculture to next level. The output from moisture sensor and Arduino plays major role in producing the output.

Conclusion:-

The primary applications for this project are for farmers and gardeners who do not have enough time to water their crops/plants. It also covers those farmers who are wasteful of water during irrigation. The project can be extended to greenhouses where manual supervision is far and few in between. The principle can be extended to create fully automated gardens and farmlands. Combined with the principle of rain water harvesting, it could lead to huge water savings if applied in the right manner. In agricultural lands with severe shortage of rainfall, this model can be successfully applied to achieve great results with most types of soil.

Project Credit :- 

1. Aarati Bhurale.
2. Pranoti Chavan.
3. Swapnil Mane.

Hope you will enjoy it...
Thank you for reading...